Prevention and Treatment Of Diabetes Complications With Gastric Surgery or Intensive Medicines

What this study is testing ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01974544 ↗

Description as written by the study sponsor.

The obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are among the most threatening health crisis for the 21st century. Currently, it is estimated that there are 205 million people with T2DM worldwide. Chile has a similar magnitude of problem with the prevalence of diabetes increasing from 6.3% in 2003 to 9.4% in 2010. T2DM is a complex disease characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and a relative β-cell failure. Well-known studies for the treatment of T2DM (ADVANCE trial) showed that intensive medical treatment significantly reduces the complication of diabetes. On the other hand, less than 40% of patients with T2DM achieve a metabolic control of diabetes, despite medical treatment. Recently, bariatric surgery has emerged as an effective treatment for T2DM. Data from different sources has shown that Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) can place T2DM into remission. More recently, Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG) has been shown to also impact metabolically and hence also emerged as an attractive T2DM-controlling bariatric procedure with fewer complications than RYGB. Recently, the International Federation for Diabetes has supported the use gastrointestinal surgery initially developed for morbid obesity as an option to treat patients with diabetes. In the current proposal the investigators aim to address several issues concerning metabolic surgery and the ability of the most common bariatric procedures performed to control diabetes. The investigators are proposing a prospective randomized trial comparing RYGB, SG and the best medical treatment availed for the T2DM in poorly control patients with the primary endpoint being 36 month glycemic control (patients achieving HbA1C \< 6.5%, normal glucose levels not requiring medication). The main working hypothesis is that RYGB and SG achieves better glycemic control than the best treatment availed for the T2DM based on more effective mechanisms to enhance insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism and blood pressure control. The goals are, 1) Is gastric bypass surgery and sleeve gastrectomy safe for the microvascular complications of T2DM?; 2) Can gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy surgery and intensive non surgical treatment reverse or reduce the progression of microvascular complications of T2DM?; and 3) Can gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy realize a return on investment within 2 years in patients with type 2 diabetes who are at risk of developing or deteriorating microvascular complications?

Treatments tested

• Best medical treatment also known as Non surgical interventions, Glycemic control drugs Drug

  If patients are unable to maintain their haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values below 6.5% on diet alone, treatment with metformin 1g twice daily will be started. If HbA1c remains above 7.0% then liraglutide 0.6 mg once daily (with a subsequent increases to 1.2 mg and 1.8 mg once daily). If liraglutide is not tolerated then a Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor (sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin) or pioglitazone will be considered. If HbA1c remains above 7.5% long acting insulin analogues such as detemir o glargine will be added. If insulin is started liraglutide can be stopped. The insulin dose will be adjusted according to the morning fasting blood glucose concentration. Finally, Fast-acting meal time insulin (lispro, aspart or glulisine) will be added if glycemic goal is not achieved. Repaglinide can be considered in patients with significant renal impairment and in patients who refused insulin treatment.

• gastric bypass Procedure

  For the gastric bypass, the gastric pouch will be adjusted to a volume of 15-20 ml. The alimentary limb will be a standard 150 cm and the biliopancreatic limb 50 cm. A hand-sewn gastro-jejunal anastomosis will be performed over a 34 French bougie

• sleeve gastrectomy Procedure

  The sleeve gastrectomy will be done using laparoscopic staplers over a 34 French bougie.The greater curvature will be dissected 4 cm proximal to the pylorus leaving the antrum. Short gastric vessels will be dissected using the harmonic scalpel up to the gastro-esophageal junction. The stapler will be reinforced. The resected stomach will be removed in a plastic bag through the left flank trocar

• General interventions for all groups: blood presure also known as Management elevated blood pressure in patients with T2DM Drug

  Patients will receive an angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARA II) to meet strict blood pressure targets of the ADA / European Association for Study of Diabetes (EASD) or in the presence of micro or macroalbuminuria. In addition to ACE inhibitors (or if there were side-effects, an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist), calcium antagonist, diuretics or Beta blockers can be added as needed. Aspirin 100 mg daily will be used for secondary prevention in patients with a history of ischaemic cardiovascular disease.

• General interventions for all groups: dysilipidemia also known as Management of dyslipidemia Drug

  Raised fasting serum cholesterol concentrations (greater than 4.5 mmol/L) or combined dyslipidaemias will be treated with atorvastatin 10-80mg once daily. Gemfibrozilo or fenofibrate once daily can be used for isolated hypertriglyceridaemia (fasting serum triglyceride concentration \>4.0 mmol/L), or fenofibrate can be added to statin treatment if the fasting serum triglyceride concentration was also raised (\>4.0 mmol/L).

• General interventions for all groups: lifestyle also known as Therapeutic lifestyle modification Behavioral

  Exercise is an important part of the diabetes management plan. The ADA recommendations for the adults with diabetes is at least 150 min/week of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity (50-70% of maximum heart rate), with no more than two consecutive days without exercise. A kinesiologist will design an individual plan of physical training for each patient. Also, a nutritionist will be design an individual dietitian plan, this plan should be formulated as a collaborative therapeutic alliance among the patient and family, physician, and other members of the health care team.